[42] The reconfiguration of public finance in compliance with capitalist principles resulted in dramatically reduced spending on health, education and other social programs, leading to a sharp increase in poverty and economic inequality. After the Soviet Union fell in 1992, a brief war broke out over control of Transnistria, with Russian backed Transnistrian forces able to hold de facto control over the region from Moldova. They were allies in the fight against the Axis powers, led by Germany, but the US and the Soviet Union were hardly friends. However, the Soviet Union, officially Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, is now a defunct government that split into the Russian Federation and several other small countries. List of the present Gross domestic product (GDP) (figures are given in 2019 United States dollars for the year 2019 according to IMF[53], The post-Soviet states listed according to their Human Development Index scores in 2018 (the report was launched in December 2019).[54]. [79], Three former Soviet states are members of NATO: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Since the country's independence from the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan has maintained in a neutral position in regards to most international matters. CO 2 emissions for these countries combined have decreased by 35% between 1990 and 2010, while global emissions increased by 44%. [111] Central Asia has an arid climate with hot summers and cold winters. The distinguishing traits of each region result from geographic and cultural factors as well as their respective historical relations with Russia. [110] Zelenyi svit, or "Green World," was a successful Ukrainian environmental organization whose mission was to hold the Ukrainian government accountable for their environmental failings, particularly the Chernobyl disaster, and to protect the Azov Sea through preventing construction of the Danube-Dnieper Canal. See Russian Empire and World War Ifor background. With the collapse of the Soviet Union it has faced difficult economic times due to the lack of Soviet tourists. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Society, UkSSR was renamed as Ukraine and its new constitution was approved on June 28, 1996. The Republic of Azerbaijan is a country located at the crossroads of Southeastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Failure in Afghanistan 4. It maintains semi-official status in all CIS member states, because it is the organisation's official working language, but in the three Baltic States, the Russian language is not recognized in any official capacity. [51], Change in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in constant prices, 1991-2015[52]. The first of these was the Independent State Society (CIS), which included former Soviet countries outside the Baltic countries. [citation needed] Some academic studies show that many former Soviet Republics and Warsaw Pact countries still have not caught up to their levels of output during the twilight of the Soviet era. [101] The Chernobyl disaster was a turning point in which the Soviets had to take responsibility for a huge environmental disaster amid pressures to disclose information regarding its causes and consequences, and this led to a broader discussion about the state of the environment as well as to concerns about nuclear energy. [105] There was a push away from coal and towards cleaner forms of energy in the 1980s,[103] and 1986-1987 saw the first wave of environmental protests. [107] It has also been contended that environmental issues are of little importance to Russian citizens today. Vitaly Naumkin gives the following assessment: "Throughout the time of change, Islam has served as a symbol of identity, a force for mobilization, and a pressure for democracy.

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